A descriptive term applied to a map-like appearance of the tongue resulting from irregular denuded patches on its surface.

Alternative Names

Benign migratory glossitis; Glossitis areata migrans

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

The specific cause of geographic tongue is unknown, although allergies may be involved. Other causes may include local irritation of a small portion of the tongue from hot or spicy foods, alcohol, tobacco, or other local irritants. The pattern on the surface of the tongue may change very rapidly. The pattern results from the loss of tongue papillae (tiny finger-like projections on the surface of the tongue), giving areas of the tongue flat spots, and the subsequent geographic appearance. These areas of papillae loss are called denuded. Denuded areas may persist for more than a month. Occasionally, mild irritation of the tongue is reported.

Signs and tests

Examination of the tongue is usually sufficient to make the diagnosis. No tests are usually necessary.

Treatment

There is no treatment.

Expectations (prognosis)

Geographic tongue is a benign condition, but it can be persistent.

Complications

Calling your health care provider

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if symptoms of geographic tongue persist for longer than 10 days. Call your health care provider if tongue swelling is severe and breathing, speaking, chewing, or swallowing difficulties are present. Blockage of the airway is an emergency situation that needs immediate attention.

Prevention

Avoid local irritation (hot/spicy food, alcohol, tobacco, and so on) if you are prone to geographic tongue.